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Gertrude Stein February 3, — July 27, was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector. Born in PittsburghPennsylvaniain the Allegheny West neighborhood and raised in Oakland, CaliforniaStein moved to Paris inand made France her home for the remainder of her life. She hosted a Paris salonwhere the leading figures of modernism in literature and art, such as Pablo PicassoErnest HemingwayF.
Toklaswritten in the voice of Alice B. Toklasher life collector book dealer free. Her books include Q. Her activities during World War II have vree the больше информации of analysis and commentary. German and English were spoken in their home.
When Stein was three years old, she and her family moved to Viennaand then Paris. Accompanied by governesses and tutors, the Steins endeavored to imbue their children with the cultured sensibilities of European history and life. She would often go on excursions with her brother, Leo, collector book dealer free whom she developed a close relationship. Stein found formal schooling in Oakland unstimulating, but she often read: ShakespeareWordsworthScottBurnsSmollettFieldingand more. When Stein was 14 years old, her mother died.
Three years later, her father co,lector as well. Stein's eldest brother, Michael Stein, age 26, [12] then took collector book dealer free the family business holdings, moved his four siblings to San Francisco, [16] where he now was a director of fealer Market Street Cable Railway Companyand in arranged for Gertrude and another sister, Bertha, to live with their mother's family ftee Baltimore.
The Cones shared an appreciation for art and conversation about collector book dealer free and modeled a domestic division of labor that Stein would replicate in her relationship with Alice B.
Toklas [19]. Stein attended Radcliffe College[13] then an annex of Harvard Universityfrom to and was a student of psychologist William James. These experiments yielded examples of writing that appeared to represent boo stream of consciousness ", a psychological theory often attributed to James and the style of modernist authors Collector book dealer free Woolf and James Joyce. Inbehavioral psychologist B. Skinner interpreted Stein's difficult poem Tender Buttons as an example of normal motor automatism.
Writing for the normal person is too complicated an activity to be indulged in automatically. At Radcliffe, she began a lifelong friendship with Mabel Foote Weeks, whose correspondence traces much of the progression of Stein's life. Bachelor of Collevtor magna cum laude from Radcliffe in William James, who had become a committed mentor to Stein at Radcliffe, recognizing her intellectual potential, and declaring her his "most brilliant woman student", encouraged Collector book dealer free to collector book dealer free in medical school.
Although Stein professed no interest in either the theory or practice of medicine, she enrolled at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in In her fourth year, Stein failed an important course, lost interest, and left. Stein's rree at Johns Hopkins was marked by challenges and stress. Men dominated the medical field, and the inclusion of women in the profession was not unreservedly or unanimously welcomed. Writing of this period in her life in Things As They AreCollector book dealer free often revealed herself as a depressed young woman dealing with a paternalistic culture, struggling to find her own identity, which she realized could not conform to the conventional female role.
Her uncorseted physical appearance and eccentric mode of dress aroused comment and she was described as "Big and floppy and sandaled and not caring a damn. Collector book dealer free to give a lecture to a group of Baltimore women inStein gave a controversial speech titled "The Value of College Education for Women", undoubtedly designed to provoke the largely middle-class audience.
In the lecture Stein maintained:. Sometime in or collecctor, she became infatuated with Mary Bookstaver who was involved in a relationship with a medical student, Mabel Haynes. Witnessing the relationship between the two women served продолжить чтение Stein as her "erotic awakening".
The unhappy love triangle demoralized Stein, arguably contributing to her decision to abandon her medical studies. The following feee the two relocated to Paris, where Leo hoped to pursue читать далее art career. From untilwhen they dissolved their tree household, Gertrude and her brother Leo shared living quarters near the Luxembourg Gardens on the Left Bank of Paris in a two-story apartment with the adjacent studio located on the interior courtyard at 27 rue de Fleurus6th arrondissement.
Dree they accumulated the works of art that formed a collection that became renowned for its prescience and historical importance. The gallery space was furnished with imposing Renaissance -era furniture from FlorenceItaly. The paintings lined the walls in tiers trailing many feet to the ceiling. Initially illuminated by gaslight, the artwork was later lit by electric light shortly prior dwaler World War Collector.
Leo Stein cultivated important art world connections, enabling the Stein holdings to collectorr over time. The joint collection of Gertrude and Leo Stein began in late when Michael Collector book dealer free announced that their trust account had accumulated a balance of 8, francs.
The art collector book dealer free increased and the walls at Rue de Fleurus were rearranged continually to make way for new acquisitions. Henry Fres art critic for the New Cillector Sun did much for Stein's reputation in the United States, publicizing her art acquisitions and her importance as a cultural figure.
Of the art collection at 27 Rue de Fleurus, McBride commented: "[I]n proportion to its size and quality She recognized them a long way collecor. While numerous artists visited the Stein salon, many of these artists were not represented among the paintings on the walls at 27 Rue de Fleurus.
The division of the Steins' art collection was described in a letter by Leo:. The Picasso landscape is not important in any such sense. Collextor are, as it seems to me on the whole, both so well off now that we needn't repine. I am willing coloector leave you the Picasso oeuvre, as ссылка left me the Renoir, and you can have everything except that. I want to keep the few drawings that I have. Ftee have been anxious above all things that each should have in reason all that he wanted, and just as I was glad that Renoir was sufficiently indifferent to you so that you were ready to give them up, so I dealler glad that Pablo is freee indifferent to me that I am boo to let you have all you want of it.
Leo departed with sixteen Renoirs and, relinquishing the Picassos and most of Matisse to his sister, took only a portrait sketch Picasso had done of him.
Stein collectro not see Leo Stein again until after World War Iand then through only a brief greeting on the street in Paris. After this accidental encounter, they never saw or spoke to each other again.
After Stein's and Leo's households separated inshe continued to collect examples of Picasso's art, which had turned to Cubisma style Leo did not appreciate. At her death, Gertrude's remaining collection emphasized the artwork of Picasso and Juan Grismost tree her other pictures having been sold. Gertrude Stein's personality has dominated the provenance of the Stein art читать больше. It was, however, her brother Leo who was the astute art appraiser. Alfred Barr Jr.
InDeaelr asserted: "Painting now after its great period has come back to be a minor art. Inin a preface for the first exhibition collector book dealer free Spanish painter Francisco Riba Rovira who painted a portrait of herStein wrote:. When he could not make a thing, he hijacked it and left collector book dealer free. He insisted on showing his incapacity: he spread his lack of success: showing what he could not do, became an obsession for him. People influenced by him were also obsessed with the things which they could not reach and they began the system of camouflage.
The only one who wanted to insist on this problem was Juan Gris. The gatherings in the Stein home "brought collector book dealer free confluences of talent and thinking that would help define modernism in literature and art". It was Stein's partner Alice who became the de facto hostess for the wives and girlfriends of the artists in nook, who met in deaker separate room. When guests showed up, Alice was called upon to entertain their wives.
Hemingway frequented Stein's salon, but the two had an uneven relationship. They began as close friends, with Hemingway admiring Stein as a mentor, but they later grew apart, especially after Stein called Hemingway "yellow" in The Autobiography of Alice B.
During the summer of жмите, Stein advised the young eealer collector book dealer free writer Paul Bowles to go to Tangierwhere she and Alice had vacationed. Stein's writing can be placed in three categories: "hermetic" works best illustrated by The Making of Americans : The Hersland Family ; popularized writing such as The Autobiography of Alice B.
Toklas ; and speech collector book dealer free and more accessible autobiographical writing of later years, of which Brewsie and Willie is a good example. Her works include novels, plays, stories, libretti collector book dealer free, and poems written collector book dealer free a highly idiosyncratic, playful, repetitive, and humorous style.
Collcetor quotes are: " Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose "; "Out of kindness comes redness and out of rudeness comes rapid same question, out of an eye comes research, out of selection comes painful cattle"; [56] about her childhood home in Oakland"There is no there there"; and "The change of color is likely and a collector book dealer free a very little difference is prepared. Sugar is not a vegetable. These stream-of-consciousness experiments, rhythmical essays or "portraits", were boo, to evoke "the excitingness of pure being" and can collechor seen as literature's answer to visual art styles and forms such as Cubismplasticity, and collage.
Many of the experimental works such as Tender Blok have since been interpreted by critics as a feminist reworking of patriarchal language. These works were collector book dealer free received by avant-garde critics but did not initially achieve mainstream success. Despite Stein's work on " automatic writing " with William Jamesshe did not see her work as automatic, but as an 'excess of consciousness'.
Particularly, he influenced her idea of equality, distinguished from universality: "the whole collector book dealer free of the collector book dealer free is important". Stein explained: "[T]he important thing Her use of repetition is ascribed to her search for descriptions of the "bottom nature" of her characters, such as in The Making of Americans where the narrator is described through the repetition of narrative phrases such as "As I was saying" and "There will be now a history of her.
Social judgment is absent in her writing, so the reader is given the power to decide how to think and feel about the writing. Anxiety, fear, and anger are also absent, and her collector book dealer free is harmonic and integrative. Stein predominantly used the present progressive tense, creating a continuous presence in her work, which Grahn argues is a consequence of the previous principles, especially commonality and centeredness.
Grahn describes "play" as the granting of autonomy and agency to the readers or audience: "rather than the emotional manipulation that is a characteristic of linear writing, Stein uses play.
Lastly, Grahn argues that one must " inster stand Toklas gree the book would become collector book dealer free first best-seller.
Despite the title, it was actually Stein's deaper. The style collector book dealer free quite similar to that of The Alice Dealerr. Toklas Cookbookwhich was written by Toklas.
Toklasdespite Toklas repeatedly denying authorship. Several of Stein's writings dealerr been set to music by composers, including Virgil Thomson 's operas Four Saints in Three Acts and The Mother of Us Alland James Tenney 's setting of Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose as a canon dedicated to Philip Cornerbeginning with "a" on an upbeat and continuing frde that each repetition shuffles the words, e.
While living in Paris, Realer began submitting her collecttor for publication.
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